![]() elegans pharynx make it a powerful system to study organogenesis. Finally, I discuss similarities and differencesīetween the nematode pharynx and the vertebrate heart.ġ. The pharynx as a model for organ developmentįour characteristics of the C. Rather, the kinesin ZEN-4/MKLP1 and CYK-4/RhoGAP are critical to establish the apical domain during epithelial polarization. Surprisingly, epithelium formation does not depend on cadherins, catenins or integrins. Later embryogenesis, pharyngeal precursors undergo reorganization and a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition to form the linear ![]() Subsequent waves of gene expression depend on the affinity of PHA-4 for its target promoters, coupled with combinatorial strategies such as feed-forward and positive-feedback loops. As gastrulation gets under way, pharyngeal precursorsīecome committed to pharyngeal fate in a process that requires PHA-4/FoxA and the Tbox transcription factors TBX-2, TBX-35, TBX-37 and TBX-38. Maternally-supplied gene productsįunction prior to gastrulation to establish pluripotent blastomeres. Regarding cell-fate specification and epithelial morphogenesis during pharynx development. elegans foregut (pharynx) has emerged as a powerful system to study organ formation during embryogenesis.
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